Sam Cushman, Ph.D.

Books

Cushman, S.A., and F. Huettmann (eds). 2010. Spatial Complexity, Informatics and Wildlife Conservation. Springer, Tokyo.

McGarigal, K., S.A. Cushman, and S. Stafford. 2000. Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research. Springer-Verlag, New York.

McGarigal, K., S.A. Cushman, M. Neel and E. Ene. (in prep). Landscape Metrics: A Comprehensive Guide to their Use and Interpretation.

Refereed Journal Articles

Cushman, Samuel A.; Lewis, Jesse S. 2010. Movement behavior explains genetic differentiation in American black bears. Landscape Ecology. 25: 1613-1625. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Landguth, Erin L.; Flather, Curtis H. 2010. Phase I: Climate change and connectivity: Assessing landscape and species vulnerability. Final Report to Great Plains Landscape Conservation Cooperative. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 103 p. PDF

Holden, Zachery A.; Crimmins, Michael A.; Cushman, Samuel A.; Littell, Jeremy S. 2010. Empirical modeling of spatial and temporal variation in warm season nocturnal air temperatures in two North Idaho mountain ranges, USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 151: 261-269. PDF

Cushman, S. A.; Raphael, M. G.; Ruggiero, L. F.; Shirk, A. S.; O'Doherty, E. C. 2011. Limiting factors and landscape connectivity: the American marten in the Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology. 26: 1137-1149. PDF

Littell, Jeremy S.; McKenzie, Donald; Kerns, Becky K.; Cushman, Samuel; Shaw, Charles G. 2011. Managing uncertainty in climate-driven ecological models to inform adaptation to climate change. Ecosphere. 2(9): Article 102. PDF

Shirk, A. J.; Cushman, S. A. 2011. sGD software for estimating spatially explicit indices of genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology Resources. 11: 923-934. PDF

Short Bull, R. A.; Cushman, S. A.; Mace, R.; Chilton, T.; Kendall, K. C.; Landguth, E. L.; Schwartz, M. K.; McKelvey, K.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Luikart, G. 2011. Why replication is important in landscape genetics: American black bear in the Rocky Mountains. Molecular Ecology. 20: 1092-1107. PDF

Cushman, S. A., Evans, J.S., McGarigal, K., Kiesecker, J.M. 2010. Toward Gleasonian landscape ecology: From communities to species, from patches to pixels. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-84. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 12 p. PDF

Landguth, E.L., S.A. Cushman, M.K. Schwartz, K.S. McKelvey, M. Murphey and G. Luikart. 2010. Quantifying the lag time to detect barriers in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology. PDF

Cushman, S.A., and J. Lewis. 2010. Movement behavior explains genetic differentiation in American black bears. Landscape Ecology. PDF

Landguth, E.L., S.A. Cushman, M.A. Murphy, and G. Luikart. 2010. Relationships between migration rates and landscape resistance assessed using individual-based simulations. Molecular Ecology Resources. 10: 854-862. PDF

Wasserman, T.N., S.A. Cushman, M.K. Schwartz, D.O. Wallin. 2010 Spatial scaling and multi-model inference in landscape genetics: Martes americana in northern Idaho. Landscape Ecol 25:1601-1612. PDF

Shirk A., D.O. Wallin, S.A. Cushman, R.C. Rice, and C Warheit. 2010. Inferring landscape effects on gene flow: a new model selection framework. Molecular Ecology. 19: 3603-3619. PDF

Epperson, B.K., B. McRae, K. Scribner, S.A. Cushman, M.S. Rosenberg, M-J Fortin, P.M.A. James, M. Murphy, S. Manel, P. Legendre and M.R.T. Dale. 2010. Utility of computer simulations in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology 19: 3540-3564. PDF

Cushman, S.A., and E.L. Landguth 2010. Scale dependent inference in landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology. 25: 967-979. PDF

Cushman, S.A., and E.L. Landguth 2010. Spurious correlations and inference in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology. 19: 3592-3602. PDF

Cushman, S.A., K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon and K. McGarigal. 2010. Use of Abundance of One Species as a Surrogate for Abundance of Others. Conservation Biology 24: 830-840. PDF

Segelbacher, G, S.A. Cushman, B.K. Epperson, M.-J. Fortin, O. Francois, O.J. Hardy, R. Holderegger, S. Manel. 2010. Applications of landscape genetics in conservation biology: concepts and challenges. Conservation Genetics 11: 375-385. PDF

Landguth, E.L and S.A. Cushman. 2010. CDPOP: A spatially explicit cost distance population genetics program. Molecular Ecology Resources 10, 156-161. PDF

Evans, J. and S.A. Cushman. 2009. Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests. Landscape Ecolog 24: 673-683. PDF

Schwartz, M.K., J.P. Copeland, N.J. Anderson, J.R. Squires, R.M. Inman, K.S. McKelvey, K.L. Pilgrim, L.P. Waits, and S.A. Cushman. 2009. Wolverine gene flow across a narrow climatic niche. Ecology 90: 3222-3232. PDF

Balkenhol, N., F. Gugerli, S.A. Cushman, L.P. Waits, A. Coulon, J.W. Arntzen, R. Holderegger, H.H. Wagner, T.N. Wasserman. 2009. Identifying future research needs in landscape genetics: where to from here? Landscape Ecology 24 455-463. PDF

McGarigal, K., S. Tagil, and S.A. Cushman. 2009. Surface metrics: An alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape structure. Landscape Ecology 24: 433-450. PDF

Murphy, M.A., J.S. Evans, S.A. Cushman, and A. Storfer. 2008. Representing genetic variation as continuous surfaces: An approach for identifying spatial dependency in landscape genetic studies. Ecography 31: 685-697. PDF

Cushman, S.A., K. McKelvey, and M.K. Schwartz. 2008. Use of Empirically Derived Source-Destination Models to Map Regional Conservation Corridors. Conservation Biology 23: 368-376. PDF

Cushman, S.A., K. McKelvey, C. Flather and K. McGarigal. 2008. Do forest community types provide a sufficient basis to evaluate biological diversity? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6: 13-17. PDF

Cushman, S.A., K. McGarigal, and M. Neel. 2008. Parsimony in landscape metrics: strength, universality, and consistency. Ecological Indicators 8: 691-703. PDF

Compton, B., K. McGarigal, S.A. Cushman and L. Gamble. 2007. A Resistant-Kernel Model of Connectivity for Amphibians that Breed in Vernal Pools. Conservation Biology 21: 788-799. PDF

Cushman, S.A. 2006. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: A review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128: 231-240. PDF

Schwartz, M.K., S.A. Cushman, J. Hayden, K. McKelvey and C. Engkjer. 2006. Detecting Genotyping Errors and Describing Black Bear Movement in Northern Idaho. Ursus 17:138-148. PDF

Cushman, S.A., M.K. Schwartz, J. Hayden, and K. McKelvey. 2006. Gene Flow in Complex Landscapes: Testing Multiple Hypotheses with Causal Modeling. American Naturalist 168: 486-499. PDF

Cushman, S.A., M. Chase, and C. Griffin 2005. Elephants in space and time. Oikos 109: 331-341. PDF

Grand, J., Buonaccorsi, S.A. Cushman, M. Mello, and C.R. Griffin. 2004. A Multiscale Landscape Approach to Predicting Bird and Moth Rarity Hotspots in a Threatened Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Community. Conservation Biology 18(4): 1063-1077. PDF

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2004. Hierarchical analysis of forest bird species-environment relationships in the Oregon Coast Range. Ecological Applications. 14(4): 1090-1105. PDF

Neel, M.C., S.A. Cushman, and K. McGarigal. 2004. Behavior and stability of landscape metrics across controlled gradients of landscape structure. Landscape Ecology. 19:534-455.

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2004. Patterns in the species-environment relationship depend on both scale and choice of response variables. Oikos 105: 117-124. PDF

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2003. Landscape-level patterns of avian diversity in the Oregon Coast Range. Ecological Monographs 73(2):259-281. PDF

Grand, J. and S.A. Cushman. 2003. Multiple-scale analysis of bird-habitat relationships: breeding birds in a pitch pine-scrub oak (Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia) community. Biological Conservation. 12(3):307-317.

McGarigal, K. and S.A. Cushman. 2002. Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects. Ecological Applications 12(2): 335-345. PDF

Cushman, S.A. and D.O. Wallin. 2002. Separating the influences of spatial, environmental, and disturbance factors in forests of the Russian Far East. Forest Ecology and Management. 168 (1-3): 201-215.

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2002. Hierarchical, multi-scale decomposition of species-environment relationships. Landscape Ecology. 17:637-646. PDF

Cushman, S.A. and D.O. Wallin. 2000. Rates and patterns of landscape change in the Sikhote-alin Mountains, Russian Far East. Landscape Ecology 15(7): 643-659.

Book Chapters

Cushman, S.A., A.J. Shirk, T.N. Wasserman and M.G. Raphael (submitted). Scale dependency of American marten (Martes americana) habitat relationships. Biology and Conservation of Martens, Sables, and Fishers: a New Synthesis. Cornell University Press.

Cushman, S.A., T. Merrsman, P. Hyatt, T. DeMeo, K. McKelvey, K. Brewer, and G. Moisen. In press. Using habitat models for habitat monitoring. Chapter 5 in C. Vojta (ed.), USFS Wildlife Habitat Technical Guide.

Cushman, S.A., K. McGarigal, K. McKelvey, C. Reagan, T. Demeo, and C. Vojta. In press. Landscape analysis of wildlife habitat. Chapter 6 in C. Vojta (ed.), USFS Wildlife Habitat Technical Guide.

Cushman, S.A., T.N. Wasserman, and K. McGarigal. 2010. Landscape fire and wildlife habitat. Chapter 5 in D. McKenzie and L.-K. Kellog (eds.) The Landscape Ecology of Fire. Springer.

Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk. 2010. Introduction: Ecological knowledge, theory and information in space and time [chapter 1]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 3-18. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A. 2010. Space and time in ecology: Noise or fundamental driver? [chapter 2]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 19-41. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Littell, Jeremy; McGarigal, Kevin. 2010. The problem of ecological scaling in spatially complex, nonequilibrium ecological systems [chapter 3]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 43-63. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; McGarigal, Kevin. 2010. Landscape ecology: Past, present, and future [chapter 4]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 65-82. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Gutzweiler, Kevin; Evans, Jeffrey S.; McGarigal, Kevin. 2010. The Gradient Paradigm: A conceptual and analytical framework for landscape ecology [chapter 5]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 83-108. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; McKelvey, Kevin S. 2010. Data on distribution and abundance: Monitoring for research and management [chapter 6]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 111-129. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A. 2010. Animal movement data: GPS telemetry, autocorrelation and the need for path-level analysis [chapter 7]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 131-149. PDF

Schwartz, Michael K.; Luikart, Gordon; McKelvey, Kevin S.; Cushman, Samuel A. 2010. Landscape genomics: A brief perspective [chapter 9]. In: Cushman, S. A.; Huettmann, F., eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 165-174. PDF

Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Jenness, Jeff; Cushman, Samuel A. 2010. Components of spatial information management in wildlife ecology: Software for statistical and modeling analysis [chapter 14]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 245-253. PDF

Hegel, Troy M.; Cushman, Samuel A.; Evans, Jeffrey; Huettmann, Falk. 2010. Current state of the art for statistical modeling of species distributions [chapter 16]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 273-311. PDF

McKelvey, Kevin S.; Cushman, Samuel A.; Schwartz, Michael K. 2009. Landscape genetics [chapter 17]. In: Cushman, S. A.; Huettmann, F., eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 313-328. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Chase, Michael; Griffin, Curtice. 2010. Mapping landscape resistance to identify corridors and barriers for elephant movement in southern Africa [chapter 19]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 349-367. PDF

Cushman, Samuel A.; Compton, Bradley W.; McGarigal, Kevin. 2010. Habitat fragmentation effects depend on complex interactions between population size and dispersal ability: Modeling influences of roads, agriculture and residential development across a range of life-history characteristics [chapter 20]. In: Cushman, Samuel A.; Huettmann, Falk, eds. Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. New York: Springer. p. 369-385. PDF

Cushman, S.A. and F. Huettmann. 2010. Future and outlook: Where will spatial information management in wildlife ecology be in 50 years? Pages 445-450 in S.A. Cushman and F. Huettman (eds). Spatial complexity, informatics and wildlife conservation, Springer, Tokyo.

McKelvey, K.S., S.A. Cushman, M.K. Schwartz, and L. F. Ruggiero. 2009. Wildlife monitoring across multiple spatial scales using grid-based sampling. Pgs. 137-142 in: R. E. McRoberts, G. A. Reams, P. C. Van Deusen, and W. H. McWilliams editors. Eighth annual Forest Inventory and Analysis symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-79. 404 pgs.

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2008. Landscape metrics and scales of resolution. Chapter 4 in K.V. Gadow, (ed.), Adaptive Design of Forested Landscapes: The Multiple Path Principle. Springer.

McKenzie, D., C.L. Raymond, and S. Cushman. 2008. Modeling understory vegetation and its response to fire. In J.J. Millspaugh and F.R. Thompson, III, (eds.) Models for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. Elsevier.

Cushman, S.A., K.S. McKelvey, and M.K. Schwartz. 2008. Case Study I: DNA survey for fisher in Northern Idaho. In R.A. Long, P. MacKay, J.C. Ray, and W.J. Zielinski (eds). Noninvasive Survey Methods for North American Carnivores. Island Press.

Cushman, S.A. and K. McGarigal. 2006. Multi-variate landscape trajectory analysis: An example using simulation modeling of American marten habitat change under three disturbance regimes. in J. A.: Bissonette, J. A., and I. Storch. Temporal Explicitness in Landscape Ecology: Wildlife Responses to Changes in Time. Springer, New York, New York.

McGarigal, K. and S.A. Cushman. 2005. The gradient concept of landscape structure. Pgs. 112-119. in J.Wiens and M. Moss eds., Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Technical Reports and Proceedings

McGarigal, K., S. A. Cushman, and C. Reagan. In press. Quantifying habitat loss and fragmentation: A protocol. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM.

McKelvey, K.S., S.A. Cushman, M.K. Schwartz, and L. F. Ruggiero. 2008. Wildlife monitoring across multiple spatial scales using grid-based sampling. Symposium proceedings, 8th Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium, Monterey, CA, 2006.

Cushman, S.A., D. McKenzie, D.L. Peterson, J. Littell, and K.S. McKelvey. 2007. Research agenda for integrated landscape modelling. USDA For. Serv. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-194.

Evans, J.S., A. Smith, S.A. Cushman, J. Mital, and A.T. Hudak. 2007. A machine learning approach to modeling old-growth using spectral and topographic data. Conference Proceedings American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting.

Cushman, S.A. and K.S. McKelvey. 2006. Final JFSP Report: DEVELOPING STATISTICAL WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS FOR ASSESSING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF FUELS TREATMENTS, JFSP 01-1-3-27